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The Praab 
 
Ho 
(Haw) Monument in 
	Nong Kai, built to commemorate the defeat of the Ho, Chinese tribes 
from southern  
		
        
		Yunnan 
and Guangxi, who formed warrior 
bandit groups, known as the Flag Gangs, that between 1865 
and 1890 ravaged large areas of northern 
    Laos, 
then a tributary state of 
 
			Siam (fig.). 
	
								
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